1.1.3 Secondary-progressive MS
1.1.4 Primary-progressive MS
1.1.5 Relapse-associated worsening (RAW) and Progression independent of relapses (PIRA)
1.2 Atypical presentation
1.2.1 Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS)
1.2.2 Benign MS
1.2.3 Malignant MS
1.2.4 Paediatric-onset MS (POMS)
Nursing tip
1.2.5 Late-onset MS (LOMS)
1.3 Summary
Reflection and references
2.0 Typical signs and symptoms
Nursing tip
2.1 Fatigue
2.1.1 Burden
2.1.2 Risk factors
2.1.3 Pathophysiology
2.2 Spasticity
2.2.1 Burden
2.2.2 Clinical presentation
2.2.3 Pathophysiology
2.3 Tremor
2.3.1 Clinical presentation
2.3.2 Pathophysiology of tremor
2.4 Altered mobility and balance
2.4.1 Burden
2.4.2 Clinical presentation
2.5 Pain
2.5.1 Burden
2.5.2 Clinical presentation
2.5.3 Pathophysiology
2.6 Cognitive impairment
2.6.1 Burden
2.6.2 Clinical presentation
2.6.3 Pathophysiology
2.7 Depression
2.7.1 Burden
2.7.2 Clinical presentation
2.7.3 Pathophysiology
2.8 Vision impairment
2.8.1 Clinical presentation
2.8.2 Pathophysiology
2.9 Speech and swallowing difficulties
2.9.1 Clinical presentation of speech difficulties
2.9.2 Swallowing difficulties
2.10 Bladder dysfunction
2.10.1 Burden
2.10.2 Clinical presentation
2.10.3 Pathophysiology
2.11 Bowel dysfunction
2.11.1 Burden
2.11.2 Clinical presentation
2.11.3 Pathophysiology
2.12 Sexual problems
2.12.1 Burden
2.12.2 Clinical presentation
2.13 Sleep disorders
2.14 Common symptoms in progressive MS
2.15 Summary
Reflection and references
3.0 Identifying a relapse
3.1 What is a relapse?
3.2 The role of the nurse
3.3 Summary
Reflection and references
4.0 Prognosis (course of disease)
4.1 Disease severity and rate of worsening
4.2 Prognostic factors
4.2.1 Demographic factors
4.2.2 Clinical characteristics
4.2.3 MRI features
4.2.4 Biomarkers
4.2.5 Optical coherence tomography
4.3 Summary
Reflection and references
Course summary
Case study: My MS is progressing - how will this impact upon my life?
Case continues
Case conclusion and key learning points
